8 Higher Thinking Skills through IT-Based Projects Essay

There are four types of IT Based projects which can be used in order to engage students in a higher plane of thinking. The resource-based project relates to finding information to make students go beyond the textbook material. Simple creations make students create their software material to support the need for relevant and effective materials. Guided hypermedia Projects produce self-made multimedia projects help students to create and post webpages on a given topic. These types of IT based projects could help students develop their skills and knowledge not just in learning not just in learning from textbooks but from the computer as well. Using IT-Based projects could help me a lot in my studies. I was able to develop my skills, and I know that I could improve my academic performance by the help of this subject. With the use of IT-Based projects and having enough knowledge with the use of computer, it was shown that students improved in the sense that the students would learn more than what is expected. They don’t just rely on the academic materials, but by using IT-Based Projects. The students would not just develop higher level of thinking but they could also develop their skills that could help them to be productive. Being a future educator, having this higher thinking skill through IT-Based project is advantageous for the reason that it could help the students in learning easily. The teacher wouldn’t find it hard also to engage them in a higher plane of thinking. I can say that I could make use of what I’ve learned from this topic. Because I know me and my future students could benefit from it. Web based project management software is the collection of programs, processes and information that is used to manage various phases of a project and that is accessible on the Internet. Project management entails processes such as scheduling, calculating a critical path, building timelines, creating task lists, managing resources, controlling documents and providing audit trails. Each of these processes can be controlled and sometimes automated through project management software solutions. Web based solutions are coded in a browser supported language such as HTML, ASP or PHP so they can be accessed by clients through a web browser. One main software version is installed and maintained on a server so that more than one client can access this version. One disadvantage to using Web-based software is that the program is usually slower to respond than a typical desktop or client application; Web-based applications are limited by the speed of one’s Internet connection, while client applications operate as quickly as the client’s processor speed. (If you can think of a better way to phrase this, by all means go ahead.) In addition, most information in Web-based applications is not accessible when a user is offline.

Notes On Larkin And Abse

Arguably this poem is not simply a misogynistic view on woman however is in fact a satirical poem which mocks modernity through quantifying love as expressed in the use of the line ‘gave a ten Guinea-ring'.  Larkin was a well known hater of the modern world and to an extent the romanticised idea of ‘love' as seen in ‘Self's the man' and ‘Mr Bleaney', so through the use of the conversationalist tone that the persona of the poem creates the reader is presented with the concept of this poem either expressing Larkin's flippantly misogynistic attitude toward women, (through derogatory language ‘bosomy Rose') or his cynical satirical view of the modern day ideals of love. The fur gloves symbolize concealment, remoteness, barriers to intimacy, and perhaps a touch of risque eroticism too.The lucky charms reference conveys a sense that it was fortunate the relationship with bosomy rose never developed, perhaps. I revel in Larkins ambiguities. We think this has misogynistic attitudes as he objectifies women and referes to them only by their physical features. He also reduces her to her †fur gloves†. Mann this is a bad poem, a story of two hookers in my opinion. †¢ Both wild oats and Dockery and son have a persona which appears inferior. †¢ Wild oats says that the choices you make in life have less to do with personal disposition or want, more to do with what you are allowed to do within your social structure.The persona in wild oats doesn’t seem to be in the same social group as the ‘bosomy English rose’ and even though he would rather speak to her, he is forced to speak to the girl in ‘specs’, this is emphasised with the worlds ‘ I could†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ which suggests that he was unable to speak to the other girl. He could also be saying at this point that your appearance may change who you are allowed to do, or who you can talk to. Social bias? †¢ Hard ‘S’ and ‘C’ sounds create a sense of deflation. †¢ The word ‘But’ again creates deflation and a sense of regret. Is he saying here that our lack of confidence limits our decisions?‘so I thought’ – shows a that the speaker doubts his past decisions which were based on a lack of confidence. †¢ However, he did write over 400 letters to the supposedly ugly girl and even though the relationship didn’t work maybe he is saying here that even if you don’t like the decisions you make at the time, it might work out for the best. There is even a possibility of marriage as a ring is mentioned, but that’s all the marriage reference in the poem. †¢ The last line ‘unlucky charms, perhaps’ may suggest that there is a sense of mysticism guiding our lives.Can charms effect what happens in our lives!? †¢ ‘Agreement †¦ I was too selfish, withdraw and easily bored to love’ again shows a lack of self-confidence, the persona has agreed that he is the one at fault. Does a lack of self-belief ruin things as well? †¢ Playing it safe †¦ the persona goes with the person that he is less intimidated by! †¢ More sense of fate, the girls me to where he worked, so he didn’t seek them out, they came to him. I think that he shouldn't bang the tidy bird in the cathedral cities as it's not very religious purley a god like man, Philip Larkin is a literacy genius..: Wild Oats :. Wild Oats by Philip Larkin explains that a person, over the course of time, comes to realize that his greatest desires are unattainable, and second best things will have to suffice. The central purpose of this poem is to show that love is one of these great desires and despite flashes of promise it contains scarcely anything that is more than fragmentary. Through tone, diction, and irony, Larkin reveals the terrible human hopes and cold realities that which love inspires. The Encarta Dictionary defines the word rose as a prickly bush with ornamental flowers.In thinking about roses one pictures its gorgeous petals and often forgets about the prickly stem on which it sits. This word is used in both, the first and third stanzas, to depict the beautiful woman who the narrator falls in love with. Her beautiful face and body allure him into affection, leading him to overlook her harsh thorns. Ironically rose also means favourable, comfortable, or easy circumstances a definition that is the complete opposite of what the unattainable lover instigates in the narrator’s life. The speaker also useswords such as cathedral, ring, and clergy in the second stanza, to implicitly state (does not explicitly state for he is ashamed) that he proposes to the beautiful lover, and is denied many times. In the third stanza, Larkins creative use of the word snaps in describing the pictures of his lover he carries around. Instead of simply calling them pictures or photographs, he substitute s a word that resembles what the woman in the picture did to his heart! In the last lines of the first stanza the speaker ends with But it was the friend I took out.Considering he rambles on about how beautiful and great her friend it is confusing and ironic that he chooses the girl in specs. The speaker continues on in the second stanza and says I believe I met beautiful twice. The uncertainty of how many times he met her is not genuine and is only meant to look like he does not consider or remember how many times they met, when realistically it is all he cares about. In the third stanza the speaker states, Well, useful to get that learnt. This is attempt by the speaker to alleviate the cold reality of the complete loss of his desire in trying to say that he learned a valuable lesson about love.However, this is contradictory because he settled for the girl in specs as a result of knowing that the beautiful girl was unattainable from the beginning. .: Philip Larkin :. Philip Larkin: Bracing Rather Than Depressing Philip Larkin was born August 9, 1922 in Coventry, an industrial city in central England. He was the second son of Sydney Larkin, the city treasurer. He attended King Henry VIII School and then went on to study at St. Johns College in Oxford, where he began to appreciate and explore poetry.Larkin grew up in an era marked by severe economic depression followed by World War II. The Encycolpedia of World Biography portrays the memories of Larkins youth as sensitive and introspective, full of loneliness and passivity. These feelings of destitution are reflected in his poems. Although it was nearly impossible for anyone to catch a break during this time period, Larkin was blessed with terrible eyesight, resulting in exemption from the military (206). While the war was still in progress Larkin graduated from St. Johns College in Oxford in 1943 (206).Soon after graduating, Larkin embodied a counteraction to the wartime poetry which he saw as emotionally over blown and technically sloppy (207). Larkin not only had to revolutionize the poems but the way the readers experienced the poem as well. In her article First Boredom, Then Fear: The Life of Philip Larkin Felicity Walsh explains that Larkin lived in a culture that expected people to live private lives and have private thoughts. Larkin published a series of poems hoping to build a reputation for himself, but they went unnoticed. However, his streak of bad luck soon came to an end.According to the anthology Poetry Speaks, the publication of Larkins 1955 volume of The Less Decieved marked one of the most remarkable turnarounds in literary history and instantly established him as the leading poet of a new generation of voices, a group that would come to be known as The Movement (262). This group of poets mastered the technique of building strong, unique poems out of the everyday details of life, and Larkin, largely influenced by the poetry of Thomas Hardy, proved himself a master of this style. In postwar Britain, Larkins starkly and candid lines sparked recognition among a disenchanted generation (139).British Writers states that life, for Larkin and, implicitly, for all of us, is something lived mundanely, with a gradually accumulating certainty that its golden prizes are sheer illusion, that second best things will have to suffice (275). In his article Philip Larkin, W. S. Di Piero affirms Larkins great subject is romanticism gone sour- in nature, household, and heart. His poems tell us that while were born dreamers, we must know our limits and curb unreasonable aspiration, even though we are enticed by its appeal (45). Larkin addresses the sad facts of life: the difficulty, and the loneliness that often proceeds.Yes in facing these bleak prospects squarely, Larkin manages to be bracing rather than depressing (139). It is interesting that his poems about how rewards and goals in life are deceptions would in turn fulfill his own ambitions. Philip Larkin, the accl aimed British poet, received many awards that include honorary doctorates from Oxford University, the CBE, and the German Shakespeare-Preis. He was Chairman of the Booker Prize Panel, was made a member of the Companion of Literature, and served on the Literature Panel of the Arts Council.What lead to such achievement? He filled his works with appropriate, disconcerting humor, mastered the use of diction and imagery, and incorporated his own Philip Larkin portrays a theme of loneliness in the poem ‘Mr. Bleaney'. Not only does the story within the poem suggest a feeling of solitude and emptiness, Larkin also deliberately uses language and techniques to emphasise the theme he's going for. First of all, the title itself is of a person who's first name we do not know. It creates a sense that it is irrelevant and that ‘Mr.Bleaney' isn't of much importance. The lack of strong syllables in the title makes it sound monotonous giving the impression of boredom, of a life lacking ex citement. The poem, throughout, is a big metaphor of Mr. Bleaney's life. The way the room is described doesn't really make an impression and shows how rough and lonely it must have been to live there. For example, Larkin uses the words ‘littered' and ‘upright'. Also he talks about a ‘sixty-watt bulb', which states how his surroundings weren't very bright, like how his life must have had little inspiration.Larkin reinforces this by describing a repetitive habit of Mr. Bleaney visiting the same family members every year. ‘The Frinton folk put him up for summer holidays' – the poet gives the feeling that Mr. Bleaney wasn't really wanted there and that they're just putting up with him. It suggests that they are most probably forced to look after him, out of pity maybe. Along with the lack of excitement in his life, Larkin also portrays Mr. Bleaney as very reliant on the people around him. The quote ‘they moved him' not only symbolises death and hints that Mr.Bleaney has passed away but also that he was unable to make decisions for himself. ‘One hired box' evokes the images of a coffin, again leading the reader to think that Mr. Bleaney has indeed passed away. Prior to this, Larkin describes the room's curtains as ‘thin and frayed', which could be a metaphor of Mr. Bleaney's past condition and it could be argued that he died of some sort of illness. The use of two characters, being the landlord and the buyer of the old room, ensures that the poem is based on reality. The pessimistic view of the assumed buyer shows lack of pride.The quote ‘I lie where Mr. Bleaney lay' suggests that even though his presumptions of what the man's life must have been like aren't very assuring, his is no different either. He is in the same position. He also has to rent that shabby room like Mr. Bleaney did, showing that he isn't rich enough to own a place of his own too. He is also presumably alone in renting that room, suggesting t hat he doesn't have many friends either. The enjambaments used to carry sentences on symbolises the pointless existence of Mr. Bleaney, having to continue living a dull and tedious life.The lack of obvious similes and metaphors again suggests boredom and lack of inspiration. In the last phrase, the buyer says ‘I don't know', which states how even though he can deduce this man's life by how he used to live and what he's got to show of his previous existence (‘that how we live measures our own nature'), he still cannot be sure exactly who he was and what he was like when he was alive. I personally think that Larkin had a hidden message between the lines of this poem, which is not to judge anyone when you know very little about themIn Philip Larkin’s collection, ‘The Whitsun Weddings’ and Dannie Abse’s collection ‘Welsh Retrospective’, both poets create a sense of place as they write about their own environments. Larkin uses a more de tached observation as he uses a third person viewpoint, seen in ‘Here’ and ‘The Whitsun Weddings’, where he shows the journey of life. This differs to Abse, who presents a personal connection with the place and in the poems ‘Last Visit to 198 Cathedral Road’ and ‘Return to Cardiff’; Abse uses these places to evoke memories.

Supply, Demand and Diversity Factors in the Workforce of Australia

1. Labour Supply Analysis (to determine if the number and types of employees required are available when and where they will be needed). You should analyze current workforce’s capacity to meet current and predicted demands for business goods and services. The process begins with the internal analysis of existing employees in the company. If the number or mix of staff are not sufficient or not meet the requirements, the search for external information is required. Theses information can be obtained through the intranet, policy documents, divisional reports and etc. The beginning is made a list of current employees to identify future skills. This analysis includes an audit of current skills of each employee. The audit is also used strategically to career development, cross-skilling and multi-skilling. Even with the availability of these resources, the greatest challenge is also to establish a dialogue with the staff to meet the goals and aspirations them and also if they want an opportunity to grow within the company. According to new research, companies are not giving the right support to their staff. Without opportunities, employees are going away. For this reason the skills shortage and staff turnover still are being a problem. People need to feel purposeful and valued about where the organization is going. The companies need to create strategies to retain their talent and this is the main feature that ensures competitiveness, much more than material resources, financial and technological. The ANZ bank has a supply intensive with over 15. 000 suppliers providing good and services that keep their operations. Their focus is on strengthening their relationship with local suppliers in all markets and their supply chain is located in Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong and India. 2. Labour Demand Forecasting (estimating the number and type of employees needed to meet organisational objectives). Using (not just repeating) the labour supply data or demographic and economic data: explain how this data will be used to forecast human resources supply within ANZ Bank Australia. The Human Resource Planning will be affected according to the level of business development. If the company is starting now, the HRP will hire only candidates with skills that sustain the operations of the company. But if the company is growing, the HRP will focus on the hiring of experts. And if the company is in decline or challenge in the face of economic climate, the focus will be the restructuring. With the globalization, the advance of technology and the concept of sustainability, the companies need to adapte to these challenges. These challenges influence the vision and objectives of the companies. The strategy used by the bank is to nurture leadership team in regions where business is growing. Today this strategy is being implemented in Asia and the Pacific. ANZ bank seeks to avoid redundancies. 3. Balancing Supply and Demand Considerations Review of diversity in the Australian workforce – how would this affect/apply to ANZ Bank Australia. One of the problems that it has been affected the workforce in Australia is the redundancy and many employees have left their jobs for fear to lose the work. According to a survey, 76% will be looking for a new opportunity in the next 6 months. The main reason is that they are seeking a career development and wage growth. If the employee feels that is purposeful, valued, that have some support and rewards necessary, the employee remains in the company. An example that expresses this problem is with receptionist position because over half 54% of administration and office staff a new job and it have proven that receptionist are the most unhappy. This position is easily filled and employers don’t have to invest in these staff, even the reception staff are the face of an organisation. The challenge has been also finding people who are prepared to develop their skills and match the current needs of the companies. The qualities that employers are looking for today in candidates are: resilience, strong leadership, ability to seek ways to remain competitive from a business development standpoint and the ability to be more productive with limited resources. Employers are looking for who are make an impact on profitability today. The balancing supply and demand is based on recruitment (shortage) such as: full-time, part-time, job/work design, career management, remuneration practices. And also Reductions such as: Dismissals, retirements, retrenchments. 4. How to Formulate Staffing Strategies to meet Organisational Needs Define ow the article information will be used to define objectives and staffing strategies in ANZ Bank to retain required skilled labour. According to ANZ bank the staff strategies are used to create a new leadership team in which region that they are included. Others staffing strategies used are: open communication with staff (people need to feel purposeful and valuated); is impo rtant to communicate a clear vision to the employees and the goals and objectives of the company and also where the company is going to; provide some coaching and training; provide some salary package.

Herman Melville, Bartleby, the Scrivener or Gail Godwin, A Sorrowful Essay

Herman Melville, Bartleby, the Scrivener or Gail Godwin, A Sorrowful Woman choose one - Essay Example s and actions and the actions of the people around her, the objectivity of the voice is a mask for the subjectivity of womanhood where womanhood is subjective because society narrowly defines and controls it. The narrator of the story is an objective omniscient narrator because she can follow any character around and do not provide interpretations. The narrator provides information on other characters which makes her omniscient. The narrator follows what the father and son to do together one time. The woman is sleeping, but the narrator knows what the father and child did together: â€Å"He took the child for a walk, and when they returned, red-cheeked and boisterous, the father made supper† (Godwin 1). The narrator also turns to other characters to inform the audience of what they are doing. The narrator, furthermore, is also objective because she does not offer judgments or interpretations and lets the readers interpret what is happening. For instance, as the story ends, the narrator describes everything the woman did and then adds: â€Å"The house smelled redolently of renewal and spring† (Godwin 5). There is something ironic about â€Å"renewal and spring† when t he woman plans to kill herself after doing her household duties. The narrator is then leaving the interpretation to the readers. Aside from being objective and omniscient, the narrator’s subjectivity helps readers to understand that the objective tone is ironically subjective because focusing on women’s roles and responsibilities showed that the woman wanted to die because she is tired of being a woman. The narrator hides her subjectivity through objective omniscience. Still, it is clear that the narrator is obsessed with feminine roles and obligations. For example, the narrator describes what the girl maid did as part of her daily work: She painted the room white, fed the child lunch, read edifying books, raced the boy to the mailbox†¦She knitted dresses for herself and played chess with the

Palestine Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Palestine - Term Paper Example There are different negotiation believes in United States, Arab world, Asians, and Africans as depicted in the different stands they take in negotiating showing the strong impact of culture on negotiations. This study aims at investigating the impact of Palestine culture on their negotiation through an in-depth analysis of the importance of face and loss of face to Palestinians in Negotiations and the type of negotiation styles to which they employ when negotiating. Language is the means through which a person’s culture is communicated from one generation to another is the best way to gauge the influence of culture on communication. The first negotiation technique used by the Palestinians is an admiration and frequent use of ambiguity in discourse showing that culture has a high impact on Palestinian negotiation. This is well in line with Palestinian culture where an ability to manipulate communication and relation to others is admired and respected. This is due to the mistrust and inability to take the face value of offers in negotiations. Proper etiquette and mannerisms is the other behavior common among Palestinians in negotiations due to the high ranking of hospitality, etiquette, and correctness in Palestinian culture. Palestinians will try their very best in being polite despite tensions in negotiations as they are required in their culture to both a foreigner and a member of the Palestinian community showing an impact of culture o n negotiation. Palestinian culture requires them to maintain honor at all times in their communication, thereby affecting their communication in negotiations. This requires Palestinians to behave modestly and hospitably to the other negotiators. Palestinians use the Musayra as a communication code in their negotiation where they try to ensure the negotiator goes along with the communication. Palestinians aim at maintaining an engaged relationship during negotiations as their code of

Art Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Art - Assignment Example This is just one detail that illustrates the more rugged lifestyle that he lives. His clothing also shows that he is not a well-dressed, civilized man of the eastern states, but instead wears leather and rough cloth as well as a beaten hat in a mixture of white man’s fashion with more Indian-style garb. He is not dressed for comfort or good looks, but rather for utility and difficult terrain and weather. The emotion in the picture has two polar ends. The rider is relaxed and wears an expression of serene dismay and his gaze is drawn to some object of concern. His horse, in contrast, is in a position of motion and exhaustion. The horse’s visible eye is bloodshot and wide-open, and also focused on something to the left that seems to be alarming. To add to the scenario, the rider clutches a rifle in his right hand. The overall idea seems to be that his life is a struggle, and that he lives dangerously. The painting is not so much detailed as blurred, and again suggests motion rather than stillness. Thus, Deas conveys an image of a man who lives on the go and is constantly looking over his shoulder while armed, representing the man of the Rocky Mountains and his daily

The Goldman Sachs Group Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Goldman Sachs Group - Essay Example The company has expanded to many nations in the world whereby it has opened branches in over 30 countries, that include offices in financial centers in the world, such as United Kingdom, Germany, France, and Japan (New York Times web). Goldman Sach Company, in 2012 bought all the shares belonging to Ariel Reinsurance  that were held by Ariel Holdings Ltd. in addition, in the same year financial period, the company also purchased Dwight Asset Management, a financial firm, from the british based Old Mutual Asset Management. The financial report released by the Goldman Sachs company in april 2012 had good resorts that beat the market analysts’ expectations. the report reflected improved performance in the equity fairs. However, the quarterly profits for the year 2012 was $2.1 billion $0.64billion lower than the previous year’s same period financial report. However, the earnings per share increased by $3.92 which was an improvement from the previous year’s financial earnings per share of $3.55. This was also the same figure that the financial analysts had predicted. However, the company’s revenue fell to $9.95 billion as compared to a year ago where the revenue was $11.89 billion (New Yor k Times web). Goldman Sachs Company reported a $1.56 per share increase in the first quarter of the same year. the company went ahead and paid a bailout it received from Mr Warren E. Buffet, in the financial crisis era who was then granted preference shares in the corporation. The board of governors of the company voted unanimously in the first quarterly to increase the dividend on the common stock to approximately 46 cents in every share held, an increase from the previous quarter’s dividend of 35 cents per share. The company’s financial results were at an all-time high as compared to the last four quarters, but it was down across the board as compared to the last to the previous year. the company however

Economic Benefits of the Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Economic Benefits of the Law - Essay Example Sound science has not yet provided solid evidence to the claims that global warming is a critical threat (Potthast, & Meisch, 2012). Other scientists have even claimed that global warming has much attention than it deserves (Potthast, & Meisch, 2012). Global warming is likely to take place after hundreds of years and it is not yet a ticking time bomb as many put it. Many new scientists are afraid to go contrary to the global warming alarm just to protect their jobs and the alarmists take advantage of the ‘threat’ to obtain government funding for more academic research. The government has also taken advantage of the global warming ‘threat’ as excuses to increase tax. Moreover, alarmists use the ‘threat’ to attract huge amounts of donations from charitable organizations by claiming that they aim at saving the world.Additional Policies to Curb Emission of Greenhouse GasesIt is necessary that the US government employ additional policies to curb emis sion of GHGs for they are threats to the environment and public health as well. These new polices should regulate the transport industry which is major contributor of carbon dioxide to the air. The government therefore ought to encourage people to use vehicles that emit less carbon dioxide; these vehicles include electric and hydrogen powered cars. The government can achieve this by offering grants to the purchase of such vehicles in addition to providing recharging systems for the innovated vehicles. This way, Americans will develop the motivation to buy these vehicles.

International and Comparative Employment Relations Assignment

International and Comparative Employment Relations - Assignment Example The major purpose of the discussion is to compare different employment relation systems in different countries taking into the account similarities and differences along with implication for the management of employees within organisations. There is no doubt that different countries have different set of policies, rules, and protocols while managing varied kind of relationships. In the global business environment, American Model pertaining to the industrial relations is majorly followed However, this discussion will develop a European Model for industrial relations. The discussion will majorly focus on employment relation as function and system and applying it in the context of Foxconn with particular reference to the labour standards. The discussion will focus on the importance of maintaining labour standards along with analysing the benefits and challenges in a critical manner. Additionally, the discussion also revolves around examining the extent to which national patterns of employment relations exist and whether there is a shift towards a European Model of managing employee relations (Katz and Kochan, 2002). For this purpose, a critical analysis will be conducted on analysing employment relations systems in different countries along with discussing labour standards in general and in the context of Foxconn. The reason for conducting comparative analysis and discussing labour standards is based on deriving key conclusion by comparing and contrasting the existing results. In the preamble of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, it is clearly mentioned that, relations among countries in the context of trade and commerce should be conducted with a view of raising living standards along with ensuring full term employment (Harvey, et al, 2000). In the context of business organisation operating in developed and developing countries, it was found that liberalisation offered both challenges and opportunities to MNCs

Theory Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Theory Analysis - Assignment Example What is the underlying epistemological paradigm of this theory? (All theories have an epistemological foundation. We have covered the following epistemological paradigms: logical positivism, post-positivism, realism, postmodernism, interpretivism/social constructivism, critical theory, feminist theory.) The underlying epistemological paradigm of the incentive theory of motivation is behaviorism, particularly, purposive behaviorism. Behaviorism, otherwise known as the behavioral learning theory, explain observed and/or measured behaviors as an outcome of an external event, which means that â€Å"a human being will learn to behave in a certain manner because he or she has discovered that something desirable or punishing may occur after a desirable or punishing behavior takes place† (Nath & Cmajdalka, 2011, p. 141). In 1932, Tolman (as cited in Fiske, 2008) developed â€Å"a purposive behaviorism, conceiving of incentives as the quantity and quality of a reward† (p. 10). Why do you think this is the epistemological paradigm underlying your theory? (This is where you will link the ontological, axiological, and methodological assumptions of the epistemological paradigm to the tenets of the theory. You will need to review the tenets of your selected theory and review the assumptions of the epistemological paradigm.) 2. An axiological assumption has something to do with non-moral sources of value (McDonald, 2008). Behaviorism is divided in this aspect. Some theorists believe that behaviorism does not entertain any assumption with respect to value judgment (Harcum, 1996). However, Dewey (as cited in Boydston, 1989) believes otherwise. 1. Objectivism assumes that the symbols people used during such cognitive activities such as thinking and talking derives meaning by virtue of their capacity to stand for objects, people, properties, as well as the associations between them as their existence is real. In simpler terms, objectivism views the world as a set of objects

Work based practice in childhood studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Work based practice in childhood studies - Essay Example Therefore, the social integration tool curbs the theoretical stereotypes surrounding the needy children in a given society. The inclusive play environment should be more engaging to all the children. The placement makes children feel comfortable and the transition of different schedules should incorporate joyous moods created by singing and dancing (Gibbs 1988, p.43). This paper is an account on how inclusive play promotes children’s development in a special setting of work placement. In addition, the benefits of the inclusive play will extensively be discussed as well as its theoretical aspects (Cochran, Cochran & Nordling 2013, p. 106). The inclusive play placement refers to the location of the inclusive play activity. The play environment provides a surface justice by its ability of being equitable and usable by all the children. It provides an atmosphere of mutual acceptance, fun and respect. Based on an account of an inclusive play placement, the practitioner allowed the children to decide on what they wanted to do by voting and they chose a role play (Martin 2010, p. 56). The practitioner therefore provided the children with role play costumes, even though, some were comfortable with face painting while others pretended to be actors, for instance, Spiderman. The scheme was made more joyous and favourable for the children through the provision of weekly theme songs, drawings and dancing (Moore 2004, p. 33). This specific inclusive play reflected a diverse society in terms of nationality and culture. The children celebrated diversity by displaying a big welcome note written in all languages at the entrance. The c hildren enjoyed the celebratory mood by listening and dancing to Chinese music as well as designing candles of their choice and further enjoyed inventions of the Diwali celebratory cards (Walters 2013, p. 78). The disability discrimination act affirms the provision of equal rights and fair treatments as well as equal access to play

History of Plato Essay Example for Free

History of Plato Essay Plato was born around the year 428 BCE into an established Athenian household with a rich history of political connections including distant relations to both Solon and Pisistratus. Platos parents were Ariston and Perictone, his older brothers were Adeimantus and Glaucon, and his younger sister was Potone. In keeping with his family heritage, Plato was destined for the political life. But the Peloponnesian War, which began a couple of years before he was born and continued until well after he was twenty, led to the decline of the Athenian Empire. The war was followed by a rabid conservative religious movement that led to the execution of Platos mentor, Socrates. Together these events forever altered the course of Platos life. The biographical tradition is unanimous in its observation that Plato engaged in many forms of poetry as a young man, only later turning to philosophy. Aristotle tells us that sometime during Platos youth the philosopher-to-be became acquainted with the doctrines of Cratylus, a student of Heraclitus, who, along with other Presocratic thinkers such as Pythagoras and Parmenides, provided Plato with the foundations of his metaphysics and epistemology. Upon meeting Socrates, however, Plato directed his inquiries toward the question of virtue. The formation of a noble character was to be before all else. Indeed, it is a mark of Platos brilliance that he was to find in metaphysics and epistemology a host of moral and political implications. How we think and what we take to be real have an important role in how we act. Thus, Plato came to believe that a philosophical comportment toward life would lead one to being just and, ultimately, happy. It is difficult to determine the precise chain of events that led Plato to the intricate web of beliefs that unify metaphysics, epistemology, ethics and politics into a single inquiry. We can be certain, however, that the establishment of a government by Sparta (after the chaos of Athens final defeat in 404), and the events that followed, dramatically affected the direction of his thinking. Following the turmoil of the war, a short eight month oligarchical tyranny known as the Thirty Tyrants governed Athens. Two of Platos relatives, Critias (his mothers uncle) and Charmides (his mothers brother) played roles in this regime. Critias was identified as one of the more extreme members and chief advocate of the government, while Charmides played a smaller role as one of the Eleven, a customs/police force which oversaw the Piraeus. The oligarchy made a practice of confiscating the estates of wealthy Athenians and resident aliens and of putting many individuals to death. In an effort to implicate Socrates in their actions, the Thirty ordered him to arrest Leon of Salamis. Socrates, however, resisted and was spared punishment only because a civil war eventually replaced the Thirty with a new and most radical democracy. A general amnesty, the first in history, was issued absolving those who participated in the reign of terror and other crimes committed during the war. But because many of Socrates associates were involved with the Thirty, public sentiment had turned against him, and he now had the reputation of being profoundly anti-democratic. In what appears to be a matter of guilt-by-association, a general prejudice was ultimately responsible for bringing Socrates to trial in 399 on the charges of corrupting the youth, introducing new gods into the city, atheism, and engaging in unusual religious practices. During his trial, which is documented in Platos Apology, Socrates explained that he had no interest to engage in politics, because a certain divine sign told him that he was to foster a just and noble lifestyle within the young men of Athens. This he did in casual conversations with whomever he happened to meet on the streets. When Socrates told the court that if set free, he would not stop this practice, claiming that he must follow the voice of his god over the dictates of the state, the court found him guilty (though by a narrow margin), and he was executed one month later. This final sequence of events must have weighed heavily on Plato, who then turned away from politics, somewhat jaded by the unjust behavior of the Thirty, disappointed by the follies of the democracy, and forever affected by the execution of Socrates. At this point Plato left Attica with other friends of Socrates and spent the next twelve years in travel and study. During this period, he sought out the philosophers of his day. He met with the wise-men, priests, and prophets of many different lands, and he apparently studied not only philosophy but geometry, geology, astronomy, and religious matters. His exact itinerary is not known, but the earliest accounts report that Plato left Athens with Euclides and went to Megara from where he went to visit Theodorus in Cyrene. From there he went to Italy to study with the Pythagoreans (including Philolaus and Echecrates mentioned in the Phaedo), and then after Italy he went to Egypt. Whether or not Plato began to write philosophical dialogues prior to Socrates execution is a matter of debate. But most scholars agree that shortly after 399 Plato began to write extensively. Although the order in which his dialogues were written is a matter of strong debate, there is some consensus about how the Platonic corpus evolved. This consensus divides Platos writings into three broad groups. The first group, generally known as the Socratic dialogues, was probably written between the years 399 and 387. These texts are called Socratic because here Plato appears to remain relatively close to what the historical Socrates advocated and taught. One of these, the Apology, was probably written shortly after the death of Socrates. The Crito, Laches, Lysis, Charmides, Euthyphro, Hippias Minor and Major, Protagoras, Gorgias and Ion, were probably written throughout this twelve year period as well, some of them, like the Protagoras and Gorgias, most likely at its end. Plato was forty the first time he visited Italy. Shortly thereafter, he returned to Athens and founded the Academy, located nearly a mile outside the city walls and named after the Attic hero Academus. The Academy included a nice grove of trees, gardens, a gymnasium and many shrines including one dedicated to Athena herself, the goddess of the city. Plato created his own cult association, setting aside a portion of the Academy for his purposes and dedicating his cult to the Muses. Soon this school became rather well-known on account of its common meals and sympotic lifestyle, modified, of course, to suit a new agenda. Indeed, Platos Academy was famed for its moderate eating and talk as well as all the appropriate sacrifices and religious observances. Overshadowing all of that was, of course, its philosophical activity. It seems that over the next twenty six years Platos philosophical speculation became more profound and his dramatic talents more refined. During this period, what is sometimes called Platos middle or transitional period, Plato could have written the Meno, Euthydemus, Menexenus, Cratylus, Republic, Phaedrus, Symposium and Phaedo. These texts differ from the earlier in that they tend toward the grand metaphysical speculation that provides us with many hallmarks of Platonism, such as the method of hypothesis, the recollection theory and, of course, the theory of ideas, or forms, as they are sometimes called. In 367 Dionysus of Syracuse died, leaving his son as the supreme ruler of a growing empire. Dion, his uncle and guardian, persuaded young Dionysus II to send for Plato, who was to serve as his personal tutor. Upon arriving, Plato found the situation unfavorable for philosophy, though he attempted to teach the young ruler anyway. In 365, Syracuse entered into war, and Plato returned to Athens. (Around the same time, Platos most famous pupil, Aristotle, entered the Academy. ) In 361, Dion wrote Plato begging him to return. Reluctantly, Plato did so, setting out on his third and final voyage to Italy. But the situation had deteriorated beyond hope. Plato was soon spirited out of Syracuse from where he went back to Athens. We know little of the remaining thirteen years in Platos life. Probably sick of his wanderings and misfortunes in Sicily, Plato returned to the philosophical life of the Academy and, most likely, lived out his days conversing and writing. During this period, Plato could have written the so-called later dialogues, the Parmenides, Theatetus, Sophist, Statesman, Timaeus, Critias, Philebus and Laws, in which Socrates plays a relatively minor role and the metaphysical speculation of the middle dialogues is meticulously scrutinized. Plato died in 347, leaving the Academy to Speusippus, his sisters son. The Academy served as the model for institutions of higher learning until it was closed by the Emperor Justinian in 529 CE, almost one thousand years later.

Use Of Determiners In Newspaper Media Media Essay

Use Of Determiners In Newspaper Media Media Essay This study aims to examine how different strategies and processes are used in sociolinguistics, as a way of adjustment of the writers manner of address, in relation to his or her perception of the addressee; focusing on the use of determiners. The hypothesis for this study is therefore: fewer determiners will be deleted from the newspapers considered up-market (Group 1), than the amount deleted from those newspapers considered mid and down-market (Group 2). This is a complex process of change within the dynamics of conversation and writing.  [1]  It is often said that convergence seems to be the rule in media language. For instance, phonological features in radio broadcasting showed that presenters use measurably more informal pronunciations in stations which primarily address lower class, less educated, and younger listeners.  [2]  As far as newspapers are concerned, the followed classic hypothesis of convergence has been made by S. Hall, who claims that there is reciprocity of producer/reader of which he called the public idiom of the media. However, this does not mean that the readers actually speak what they read or listen to, but there is evidence to suggest that a convergence takes place and that each paper makes its own convergence toward what it sees as a mode of discourse acceptable to its readership.  [3]   Background Research Bell has carried out research into determiner deletion;  [4]  that being words found within the English Language that limit the meaning of a noun and comes before a descriptive adjective modifying the same noun (e.g. the, a, an, this etc.).  [5]  Several studies show that the deletion of articles in such phrases distinguishes tabloids from broadsheet British Newspapers. These are correlationswith assumed class and education and the deletion of determiners seems to imply modernity, populism, and journalistic raciness. Ryden and Bell  [6]  both investigate the use of noun phrase name appositions in the language of newspapers, and in particular the spread of phrases like Opposition leader Neil Knock with the descriptive noun phrase without a determiner preceding the title. This format is relatively recent and is, in Britain, largely but not entirely restricted to the two categories of mid-down market papers The influence of the reader in newspaper style is supported by the research carried out by Bell  [7]  and Jucker  [8]  . Bell, in his studies on naming expressions, states that this practice was more common in papers like The Sun, The Mirror, and The Express than in The Telegraph, The Guardian and The Times. After studying the deletion of determiners Jucker divided British newspapers into three categories: up-market; The Times, Financial Times, The Guardian, The Independent, The Daily telegraph, midmarket; Daily Mail, Daily Express, down-market; Daily Mirror, The Daily Star, and The Sun. He found that determiners were deleted more often in down-market papers than in mid-market papers, while there were very few deletions in style with a certain type of reader. Methodology Many considerations were taken in terms of which method would be best to use in order to carry out the investigation into the use of determiners in the media. The first decision that had to be made was which branch of the media would be used as a source for the study. The options ranged from television programs, magazines, internet websites, radio and newspapers. The choice of newspapers was made based primarily on access to previous research, mentioned in the above Background Research section of this report. The fact that a similar study had been carried out byBell et al. in the comparison of determiner usage between the different types of newspaper gave a good basis on which to base this study. Added to this is the intrigue of whether the results obtained will have a similar outcome to those obtained by these linguists twenty years ago. The next step was to realise that in order to study determiners, a content analysis was the only possible method that could be used. It was also the same method used by Bell et al. in their study. However there are many advantages and disadvantages of using this process that led to many limitations to the practical side of the study. It is fairly time consuming which can often limit the researcher to a smaller sample than a less time consuming method. The chance for a margin of error is increased particularly if relational analysis is used. This study does require a level of relational analysis; that being the assumption of what, by todays standard of English, counts as a missing determiner and what does not; which limits the validity of the results, especially if the intention is to directly compare the results found by Bell et al. It is also difficult to computerize and therefore the results obtained have to be manually automated which adds to the total time consumption that using a digital content analysis could perhaps have avoided. On the other hand there are many advantages to using content analysis such as the fact that it can combine quantitative and qualitative operations through the ability to see clearly the context of the deletion or inclusion. This method also has very few ethical issues as it is available to the public and no permission is needed in order to access it. It is also a very unobtrusive means of analysing the use of the English Language. It is also reliable as this study has been done before and can be repeated by the same or other researchers. The study therefore began firstly by selecting a number of different newspapers to compare. This was done by initially selecting an equal number of British papers that are considered up-market newspapers, i.e. The Times, The Guardian, The Daily Telegraph, and an equal number of mid-downmarket  [9]  newspapers such as The Daily Mail, The Sun and The Daily Star. The six papers aforementioned were picked from those available from the University Shop on campus, with each category of newspaper represented and to be used in comparison with each other. They were then grouped into the retrospective classes: Group 1 included The Times, The Daily Telegraph and The Guardian; Group 2 included The Sun, The Daily Mail and The Daily Star. The hypothesis, that fewer determiners will be deleted from the papers in Group 1 than the amount deleted from Group 2, was then decided upon. After the newspapers were selected the specific details of how this content analysis would be carried out was then agreed upon. It was decided that two articles would be analysed from each of the six papers; one regarding a political subject and the other focussing on sport. This was done in order to firstly observe if there was any difference between the uses of determiners between the papers and then secondly if there was a difference within the different papers when the subject matter was different. It was clear that in order to increase the validity of this research the newspapers analysed would have to all be taken from the same date and then the articles chosen were to be about the same topic within politics and sport. The newspapers were therefore collected for analysis on the 6th May 2010 and the similar stories of the day in the two subject areas were then analysed. It was decided that the headlines and tag lines of all the articles would be included in the study. However it was recognised that headlines in general tend to have determiner deletions as standard. After the articles were selected the exact process of working out the determiner deletion was decided upon. Firstly the article word length was counted and recorded, then the entire article was analysed and all the determiners within the article were highlighted and totalled. Then a second analysis of each article was carried out in order to locate where the determiners were missing in accordance with Standard English practice.  [10]  These would again be totalled and recorded in a spread sheet where the number of determiners which have been deleted would be calculated as a percentage of the total determiners that could have been used in the entire article. Although every measure has been taken to improve the reliability, validity and practical issues posed by any method of research, this study is not without its limitations. Firstly not all the variables can be controlled. Firstly, the sex of the journalist whom had written each article is not being taken into account. This means that the results obtained could be reduced in validity, due to the fact that gender could have an influence over the amount of determiners used within the articles. In a similar vein, the age of the journalist is also unknown, which could similarly have an impact upon the amount of determiners used or deleted. It is also a fairly subjective study and it is likely that some determiner deletions could be overlooked depending upon the researcher carrying out the study. Due to the time consuming nature of this method as aforementioned the sample size had to be kept quite small to three newspapers of the two different categories. This reduces the representativeness of the study as not all newspapers have been analysed. Added to this, only one newspaper considered mid-market has been used alongside two considered down market which means the sample is not as representative as it could be. Therefore it is probably unlikely that any generalisations can be made from this study only suggestions. Results The table of results and bar graphs for this study can be found in Appendices 1.0 2.2. Discussion As stated in the hypothesis it would have been expected that this study would produce results similar to those presented by Bell in 1991, though possibly not so polarised and extreme, with up-markets exhibiting the least amount of determiner deletion and mid-down markets the highest. When looking at the sum of the combined averages for up-market newspapers and the mid-down market newspapers it can be seen that the up market newspapers had the combined average determiner deletion of 31.9% and the mid-down market newspapers had the combined average determiner deletion of 44.17%. This suggests that the hypothesis that fewer determiners will be deleted from the newspapers considered up-market (Group 1) than the amount deleted from those newspapers considered mid and down-market (Group 2) is supported by the results found. The newspaper with the highest average deletions was the mid-market newspaper, The Daily Mail, with an average of 15.97% determiner deletion. However, very surprisingly the up-market newspaper, The Guardian, came out with the second highest average percentage of determiner deletion, at 20.78%. Not only is this unexpected because it is an up-market newspaper, but also because The Guardians politics article had the highest determiner deletion percentage within the entire study. Based on the premise that up-markets are aimed at a higher and more educated social class than mid-down markets, and also that politics articles are likely to draw a more sophisticated readership than sports articles, it was anticipated that the former type of newspaper would use a more standard form of English with a lower percentage of determiner deletion. In addition to this, it was presumed that sports articles would also have a higher percentage of determiner deletion than articles written about politics bu t this was not found to be the case with many of the newspapers. The Daily Telegraph was the paper that supported the hypothesis the most as it came in at the bottom with only 6.09% deletion for its politics article, and this is what was supposed would happen taking into account Bells study and findings. Nevertheless, it was The Daily Telegraphs sports article that actually came in with the lowest amount of deletion, with only 3.88%. This finding was unforeseen, but it may be that the journalist writing the politics article for The Daily Telegraph wished to make it snappier so as to attract a larger audience, and believed that deleting determiners would achieve this effect. The Times supports the hypothesis as its sports article contains 15.7% of determiner deletion, but only 7.34% in its politics issue. It is also relatively near the bottom of the table as would be expected, considering it is one of the chosen up-market newspapers. The Times was in fact the newspaper that Bell found had the least amount determiner deletion in 1991, with only 5%. However it has been found that as time has passed journalists from both types of papers tend to use determiner deletion as much as each other. It is perhaps now the case that they are less concerned with targeting a very specific audience and more so with selling newspapers. It seems to be mid-down market papers that have changed the most. Bell found that they all had 73% deletion of determiners or above, whereas this study has found that the highest percentage of a mid-down market newspaper is 20.48% from The Sun. Perhaps these newspapers are trying to make themselves appear less mid-market, and appeal to a more sophisticated audience. Improvements If this study was to be performed again there are a few ways in which it could be improved. Firstly, as two members of the group worked out the percentage of determiner deletion there is immediately going to be a difference in results as deciding where determiners should be and have been deleted is a subjective process. It is not always clear and so perhaps if this were to be replicated each member of the group should work out the percentage from all papers and then compare the findings, working out the average percentage of deletion. Using a larger sample would also be beneficial as one article may not be representative of the whole newspaper, and so there may have been anomalies within the results. The articles chosen were all of varied lengths and so this could have affected the results. It may be that articles tend to have the most determiner deletion at the end and therefore the longer an article is the higher percentage of deletion. It could even be possible that the journalists articles that were chosen to be analysed could have previously or aspired to be a writer for the other type of newspaper, and so arestill writing in that style. This is possibly something that could have been researched to ensure the articles used in this study were written by the same types of authors and were truly representative of the whole papers style. Moreover, there was no focus in the study on one particular sex and therefore next time a comparison between male journalists writing for up-markets and female journalists writin g for the same type of paper could be looked into and compared against mid-down market newspapers. It would be interesting to discover whether females for example chose to delete more determiners than males. Conclusion In conclusion, this study has supported the hypothesis but only to an extent. It has found a very mixed set of results; with some papers supporting the hypothesis and others challenging it. Whilst it was found that a mid-down market newspaper did have the highest average percentage of determiner deletion what was most surprising was that The Guardian has the second highest average percentage of determiner deletion, which would very much suggest that times and the styles attributed to each type of newspaper have changed drastically in the twenty years since Bell performed his study. This may possibly be due to the fact that newspaper sales are continually declining, and so both types of papers are trying to appeal to a wider audience. As suggested by Roy Greenslade, print cant compete with 24-hour news on television and radio,  [11]  and so they need to do all they can to up their sales. If up-market newspapers for example continue to focus on an upper-class audience then they are seriously limiting their number of potential buyers, and so buy removing determiners they make their articles snappier and more accessible to a larger audience. It is also possible that the complexity of the issues reported on in up-market newspapers actually makes it harder to cut out determiners, and therefore the political issues have a higher amount of determiner deletion because their authors try a lot harder to do so. Finally, the results obtained by this study imply that the percentage of determiner deletion could depend more on the journalist writing the article, as opposed to the type of newspaper they are writing for. Bibliography Allen, Robert, The Penguin English Dictionary, (London: The Penguin Group, 2001) Bell, Allen, The Language of the News Media, (Oxford: Blackwell, 1991) Giles, Howard and Peter F. Powesland,  Speech Style and Social Evaluation, (London: Academic Press, 1975) Holmes, Janet, An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, (Essex, Pearson Education Limited), pp. 137-138 Leonhard, Joachim-Fà ©lix, Hans-Werner Ludwig, Media Science: A Manual for the Development of the Media and Communication Forms, (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter Co., 2002) Jucker, Andreas H, Social stylistics: Syntactic Variation in British Newspapers, (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter Co., 1992) Roy Greensdale, Newspaper Sales Plunge over the Decade, Monday 14th December, 2009 [accessed 19th May 2010] Appendix 1.0 A Table of Results Newspaper Type Article Subject % Deletion Average Combined Average Article Word Count No. of Determiners No. of Deleted Determiners The Guardian Up-market Politics 20.78% 15.39% 870 154 32 Sport 10.00% 795 140 14 The Times Up-market Politics 7.34% 11.52% 727 109 8 Sport 15.70% 634 121 19 The Telegraph Up-market Politics 6.09% 4.99% 31.90% 800 115 7 Sport 3.88% 827 103 4 The Daily Mail Mid-market Politics 16.03% 15.97% 799 131 21 Sport 15.91% 878 132 21 The Sun Mid-market Politics 20.48% 14.37% 767 83 13 Sport 8.25% 587 97 8 The Daily Star Down-market Politics 19.10% 13.84% 44.17% 694 115 22 Sport 8.57% 836 105 9 Appendix 2.0 A Bar Graph Depicting the Results of Determiner Deletions between the Types of Newspapers and Subject Matter Appendix 2.1 A Bar Graph Depicting the Results of Average Determiner Deletions between all Newspapers

Cassius as Tragic Hero in Julius Caesar Essay -- Julius Caesar Essays

Cassius as Tragic Hero in Julius Caesar    William Shakespeare wrote Julius Caesar around 1599. The role of the `tragic hero' is extremely important as many of the characters in Julius Caesar exemplify the `tragic hero' qualities. Marcus Brutus, and Julius Caesar, display all the qualities of the `tragic hero': they are great men, with character flaws, and as a result of a mistake in decision-making many people suffer. In Cassius one can see these same qualities. Cassius can be seen as another tragic hero in Shakespeare's Julius Caesar.    Cassius is a talented general, and does not like the fact that Caesar has become `god-like' in the Roman people's minds (see above quote Act I, Scene ii). Cassius can be seen as a great man because of his standing and title; however, his role as conspirator is much larger, and shows his power over others. Thus, in the eyes of the audience, he is perceived as great. However, he has a flaw, as all tragic heroes do: it is obvious from where his power is situated that he lacks integrity. He is impulsive and unscrupulous; this is...

Crisis in Software Patents and Copyrights Essay -- Intellectual Proper

Crisis in Software Patents and Copyrights Introduction Gaining the knowledge and skills to provide computer technology products, services and software requires a significant amount investment of both time and money. The individuals who do such a work should receive financial rewards for their efforts. These rewards create an atmosphere of creativity and competitiveness that becomes a driving force of the economy of the world. The products of this creativity must therefore be protected and we call it intellectual property. Simply, intellectual property is a product of human intellect that has a commercial value. There are three major mechanisms that US law offers to protect software intellectual properties. These are trade secrets, copyrights and patents. Trade secrets have broad applicability to various subjects that can range from microprocessors to sorting algorithms. Trade secrets are valuable because they are separate from patents and copyrights, and even can be available when copyright or patent rights are not. The basic premises of trade secrets are satisfied when knowledge is kept in secret and not commonly known. Copyrights protect all types of original creative expressions that are produced by programmers. Copyright law does not protect the ideas and concepts underlying an expressive work. It only protects the literal form that the expressive work takes. Patent law gives the inventor of a new and non-obvious invention the exclusive right to use that invention for a limited term. Patent protection offers the broadest protection for technological industry. A software patent protects against unauthorized use or sale of software that is defined as an invention. In order to obtain a patent, the inventor is ... ...pers haunted by Patent madness† 5 The British philosopher who developed a duty-based ethical (deontological) theory 6 Arnold W.Bragg. Software Patents 7 National Research Council. The Digital Dilemma. References: Deborah G.Johnson and Helen Nissenbaum. Computers Ethical & Social Values Prentice-Hall, NJ, 1995 Kallman & Grillo. Ethical Decision Making and Information Technology, Mitchell McGraw-Hill, CA, 1993 National Research Council. The Digital Dilemma, National Academy Press, DC, 2000 Richard W.Severson. The principle of Information Ethics, M.E.Sharpe,Inc, 1997 IEEE Software. Karl Dakin, What if there is no software piracy? January 1997 IEEE Software. Gregory Ahoronian. Does the Patent Office respect the software community? July/August. 1999 IEEE IT Professional. Arnold W.Bragg. Software Patents. July/August 2001

The Scarlet Letter Essay -- Literature

Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter is a great piece of literature. It explores problems in society that still occur today. It is fascinating to see how the Puritans punished adultery then and the lack of punishment of adultery in our society now. It shows how all the characters affect Hester and what everyone does in the community. It shows that no one is exempt from any type of crime in that town. In Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter, he analyzes the characters of Hester Prynne, Arthur Dimmesdale and Pearl. One of the main characters in The Scarlet Letter is Hester Prynne. In The Scarlet Letter, Hester is described as â€Å"a comely woman whose pride sustains her through her punishment and for all the years of her life† (Overview: Characters). She is tall, has dark hair and her attire showed the attitude of her spirit (Hawthorne 51). She has a husband, Roger Prynne, whom she did not love. Before she got married, she was a strong-willed and eager young woman. Her husband, Prynne, has sent her to America and he was to arrive later. When he never arrived in Boston, she assumed he was lost at sea (SparkNotes). At the beginning of the book Prynne is walking out of the prison holding her daughter, Pearl, with the scarlet letter â€Å"A† embroidered on her clothing (Hawthorne 51-52). She wears the scarlet letter as a punishment and her secrecy to her lover. Her husband is in the crowd, and is living in Boston for revenge on her lover (Sparknotes). Hester is being charged with adultery. Her sentence is one that could be used for a much lesser crime (Korobkin). She is then kicked out of town and is forced to live on the outskirts of Boston in a small cottage (Hawthorne 62). Dimmesdale is the â€Å"judge† in Hester’s case. When Governor Bellingh... ...es from Gale. Web. 12 Jan. 2012. Milliman, Craig A. "Hawthorne's 'The Scarlet Letter.' (Nathaniel Hawthorne)." The Explicator 53.2 (1995): 83+. Literature Resource Center. Web. 15 Mar. 2012. Pimple, Kenneth D. "'Subtle, but remorseful hypocrite': Dimmesdale's Moral Character." Studies in the Novel 25.3 (Fall 1993): 257-271. Rpt. in Nineteenth-Century Literature Criticism. Ed. Jessica Bomarito and Russel Whitaker. Vol. 158. Detroit: Gale, 2006. Literature Resource Center. Web. 14 Mar. 2012. Pringle, Michael. "The Scarlet Lever: Hester's Civil Disobedience." ESQ: A Journal of the American Renaissance 53.1 (2007): 31-55. Rpt. in Children's Literature Review. Ed. Dana Ferguson. Vol. 163. Detroit: Gale, 2011. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 12 Jan. 2012. SparkNotes Editors. â€Å"SparkNote on The Scarlet Letter.† SparkNotes.com. SparkNotes LLC. 2003. Web. 1 Feb. 2012

National Guard troops

The United States is actively protecting its borders from terrorists, drug dealers, and increasingly, Mexicans. I would have said immigrants, in place of Mexicans, but I do not think this would be completely accurate. After all, President Bush recently said that he was sending National Guard troops to the Mexican – American border, not all the borders around our country. It is an interesting question how much this administration really cares about protecting the borders.One would think that if they were concerned about terrorism as much as they say, and take steps such as tapping domestic phone lines, keeping records of phone call of millions of Americans, and actively infiltrating and observing citizen groups that oppose them, then this administration would have militarized the borders long ago. But this has not been the case. It has not been until the beginning of an election year that this has become an issue.Millions of illegal immigrants have been streaming across our bor ders non-stop since the attacks on the World Trade Center, one would think that this would be the easiest way for any terrorist group to infiltrate the United States. But judging from this administration’s actions thus far, they do not seem to think so. There are many worse people that could easily find their way into our country than the average Mexican.The concern about border security should not focus on Mexicans, it should focus on terrorists groups that wish to do the country harm. The resources of the spy agencies of the United States should not be focused on American citizens and the imagined threat from â€Å"eco-terrorists. † It should be focused on stopping those individuals that truly wish to do this country harm from doing so.

In the country of men paragraphs Essay

Matar try the fact that women atomic number 18 influential withal in a patriarchal gild by highlighting the theme of potent which he incorporates within the patriarchy. He eradicates the allusion that women in Libya have no rights, I cried because I understood that I was now the attribute of another man (Pg 173) this powerful excerpt chosen by Matar, portrays the pain and emotions see by real women in cases where lay marriages occur. However he also shows how Suleiman didnt understand his role in the society, when he uses the spirit of Suleiman to say We are cardinal open pages of the same book, this gives us the meaning of equalisation, between man and women, which as Matar knows in the time of 1979 in Libya women were never equal to man.Matar describes how Libyan men are cruel and vicious towards traitors of Libya, he uses the character of Ustath Rashid, to show the cruelty of the regime. As the character, Ustath Rashid is hanged on live television for being a traitor (Pag e 187). Matar uses this scene to revolt and incommode readers ab erupt the realisations of Libya, and if you were suspected of crimes against Qaddafi, you would be captured and killed. They looked akin children satisfied with the swing they had just make (page 187). This shows how the people of Libya supported the ideas of Qaddafi, Matar wanted to endanger this as it is important to understand that not all people in Libya were tremendous of Qaddafi but rather some concur with him and his cruel ways. They say the man run like ice in a fire, The cheering became louder and more risky (page 187). Matar wanted to demonstrate how people lavatory disappear and to show how powerful Qaddafi was. with the novel, Matar values children and makes this clear that children are seen as another innocent casualty of Qaddafis totalitarian regime. The authors metric use of Suleiman, a nine yr old narrator, as opposed to the pornographic Suleiman, as it shows how children arent able to richl y comprehend what is going on well-nigh them, which gives us an indication that by having a child narrate the novel, would have an ingenuous perspective rather than an adult who would be against the regime but also because children entert hold back from handing out private information.

Faults in Badminton

Chesca Loriel Decena Faults The rules of badminton consider the following as faults If the skirt lands outside the boundaries of the court, passes through or below the net, blend in to pass the net, touches the ceiling or side walls, touches the mortal or dress of a thespian or touches any other object or soulfulness. If the initial point of contact with the shuttle is not on the strikers side of the net. (The striker whitethorn, however, follow the shuttle oer the net with the illegitimate enterprise in the course of a stroke. ) If a shammer touches the net or its supports with fraudulent scheme, person or dress, invades an opponents court everywhere the net with racket or person overlook as permitted. If a player invades an opponents court under the net with racket or person such that an opponent is block or distracted or obstructs an opponent, that is prevents an opponent from qualification a legal stroke where the shuttle is followed everywhere the net. If a pl ayer deliberately distracts an opponent by any action such as cheering or making gestures. If the shuttle is caught and held on the racket and then slung during the execution of a stroke. If the shuttle is pee twice in succession by the alike player with two strokes. If the shuttle is hit by a player and the players partner successively or touches a players racket and continues towards the back of that players court. If a player is guilty of flagrant, repeated or persistent offences under Law of Continuous Play, Misconduct, Penalties. If, on emolument, the shuttle is caught on the net and remains suspend on top, or, on renovation, after passing over the net is caught in the net.Lets Let is called by the umpire, or by a player (if there is no umpire), to halt play. A let may be given for any unforeseen or accidental occurrence. The rules of badminton consider the following as lets If a shuttle is caught in the net and remains suspended on top or, after passing over the net, is caught in the net, it shall be a let except on service. If, during service, the receiver and server are both faulted at the same time, it shall be a let. If the server serves in advance the receiver is ready, it shall be a let. If, during play, the shuttle disintegrates and the travelling bag completely separates from the rest of the shuttle, is shall be a let. If a line judge is unsighted and the umpire is unavailing to make a decision, it shall be a let. A let may occur following a service court error. When a let occurs, the play since the last service shall not count and the player who served shall serve again, except where in situations where the Law of Service Court Errors is applicable.

Brand Extension Marketing Plan Essay

1.0 administrator sum-upWii is a for-profit presidential term already go numerous picture appearance births rear ended at legion(predicate) diverse atoms of the grocery store in opposite countries fitting about the orbit. Wii is exploitation a fresh plucky, Wingo, with an extensive avail externalize for some(prenominal) numerals place date tender the b be-ass jeopardize. Wingo is lotto for the Wii. clients leave al whiz be commensu maintain to frolic iv buncoers at a term utilizing the cardinal hostiles take on with the catch up with of the Wii dust and the both spargon remotes that atomic heel 18 accommodate when the guest barter fors the impertinently lame Wingo. The across-the- maturate wait on computer programme pass on corroborate nodes to rack up caste printing keep their plot of land repaired. If the dilute is non end with repair, the client testament puzzle their venture replaced with a refreshing bet tha t has been reviewed and analyse by technical school support to realisticize no issues a test.Wingo is bunsing the trade that comprises of residents at support dungeon and semipermanent flush facilities, grandp bents, and p atomic number 18nts. m from sever altogethery one(prenominal)(prenominal) an a nonher(prenominal)wise(prenominal) individuals in these quarry food grocerys be tell apartd to coquet keno reservation Wingo a correct zippy for the purposeed mart. Wingo is a secret protrude for grandp arnts and p bents to buy to be be possessed of frolic with peers as come up as their grandchildren and children. some some other(a) pull ahead of Wingo is the increment cognitive subroutine, which is unconditional for honest-to-goodness adults to map as they senesce to keep an eye on holding.Wingo bring out abide an easy to example put for those non beaten(prenominal) with performing delineation gages, which is the fillity of the organize mart. The at large(p) to mapping st fester give bear role commanders to fuck off put to work without contacting their grandchildren for lookance. The plot of land volition as s tumesce up g totally last(predicate)op cognitive ro employ to honorarium heed in centraltaining memory. cognitive comment is much(prenominal)over important(p) to altogether age groups to determine lusty straits legal action. excellent guest serve healthful is require to defy and hold on a doglike guest base, which is in like manner where the every last(predicate)-encompassing dishanter be after comes into play be get it leads guests with heartsease of read/write head cognize that their grease ones palms leave alone be repaired or replaced if whatsoever issues arise. guest c both for forget be get worded to and utilise into to the w argon to batten down our nodes be receiving a fruit that c erstntratees on node studys/wants.On a theme level, Wingo merchandising endure consist of flyers, posters, and commercials dis acting the favorable interactions and variation to be had from vie the juicy. On a globose level, the comparable announce methods yield for be utilize. However, the advertize devices give parade diametric languages, depending on the quondam(prenominal)oral where dis compete, to top the benefits of the support. The visualizeetary advertise exit in any case distri ande into affection the opposite ethnic aspects of the realm to c everyplace no disesteem is shown and no plague is taken from the kernel be sent.2.0 position compendWii is entry its fifth form of operation. Its inter contributionions book been well get by consumers, and selling Wingo and its drawn-out process cast pass on be the main(prenominal) focus to the fruit of scar and produce as well as the sustain talent and expanding upon of the client base. Wii says several(prenominal) divers(prenominal) genres of jeopardizes, part the out ontogeny adept looseness industry.2.1 mart place succinct* The dramatic playdament mart place for Wingo is aided sustenance and long-run safekeeping facilities, granddadrgonnts, and p arnts. Wingo is beano for the Wii and many a(prenominal) individuals in these guide trades love to play bingo. By center on these laughingstock groups, Wingo exit be intellection of as a feeble for grandpargonnts and p atomic number 18nts to lever ripening concord cheer with peers as well as their grandchildren and children. * Projections of appendage for this yield atomic number 18 that it result reach general inside support support and long sustainment facilities that banter of utter leave alone assist in merchandise the merchandise to other groups. This get out increase the loot for Wii, on the wholeowing the ships company to come upon okay its trade per centums that it woolly-headed fresh lyly add-on more.2.1.1 grocery store Demographics* Demographics Ages 45-75 is the main stooge foodstuffplace. some residents of long take facilities ar betwixt the ages 65-75. Those betwixt ages 45-65 be grandp arnts buying the en alertned in hopes of pop off option cartridge clip with their grandchildren by performing the granular. * geographics Wingos charge ara give be the major countries already trade the Wii enlivened ashes. These include Japan, Europe, and northeasterly America. * Users roll in the hay the joining make among them and other droprs musical composition playing the gamy. Users hump consumption clock prison term with their grandchildren during farinaceous beat. * The localize grocery stores are sort as Thinkers and Survivors. The Thinkers are quest a gage that provides character reference and serves a purpose. The Survivors are want a gull they advise pillow devoted to and draw out to their peers and familie s.2.1.2 market placeplace takefully* succor of use The customers rear hide intimately and make a feebley balmy to use without having to bear the jr. extension for economic aid to operate. * cognitive foreplay The customers contract their judgment touch on to maintain memory. * Customer advantage resplendent usefulness is take to cultivate a rectifiable bloodline that possesses a liege customer base.2.1.3 marketplace Trends* Wingo result class itself by market a intersection point non antecedently diversionctional to gamers and other consumers. The market segment for this intersection point is out festering at a big rate imputable to the mishandle boomer generation aging. at that placefore, the marketing is aimed at this segment. * Wingo leave alone alike commemorate itself by shoting the expand assistance cast for sale with the leverage of besides this game. rejuvenate inspection and repair of the game pass on give up the cons umer to overhear placidity of head agency sagacious that, should an issue arise, their game spare for any be firm or replaced at no redundant charge. legal transfer property in forthwiths sparing is super important to all consumers.* a nonher(prenominal) growing swing music off for this market is upright gaming, where the players nobble skills and competencies that female genitals be hence be used in real gentleman situations. special(prenominal) goals are set within the game to be reached by the gamer which fosters inducing to visualize, offers blatant feed keister, encourages skills development, and assists with fellowship transfer. Grandparents and parents are ceaselessly feel for slipway their grandchildren and children fire learn crude skills utilizing a pleasure and entertain venue.2.1.4 foodstuff ripening* With the Wii system gross gross r raseue declining 9.7% from July 1, 2011 through and through June 20, 2012, the market is diminish. W ingo and its broaden usefulness blueprint leave, with any luck, scram the sales up for the Wii systems. * The yield potence is there, with the luxuriate boomer generation aging and removeing to batten that they live vibrant, wide awake lives until now once they are doc recommended for assist nutrition and semipermanent occupy facilities. support life story and long caution facilities are indispensable by order and national regulations to see that all residents stick nigh vigorous whether with board games, memory games, or exercise. * The fall market pull up stakes need to collapse a decent pass along sent. Iterating to younger generations that its not also late to have mutation with gran and grandpa and to the previous(a) generations that its not equally late for them to have fun.2.2 grind2.2.1 Strengths Wiis temper among consumers. Wiis set potency of providing demean appeal overlaps compared to competitors. Wiis assistant and intersec tion point reference compared to competitors.2.2.2 Weaknesses Wiis decrease market share. Wiis overleap of strong purpose and the cause of its diminishing market share. receivable to their step-down in sales over the past year, Wii lacks functional capital.2.2.3 Opportunities Wii provides equivalent fruits compared to competitors at a humble cost. Wii customized the all-encompassing wait on curriculum for the Wingo game. Wii introduced a sore game to a immature market.2.2.4 Threats economic impression causes businesses and consumers to cut back on delight expenses. foe develops a homogeneous game with alter technologic advances. commandment to concentrate number of items trance for support sprightliness and semipermanent take residents activities.2.3 disputation* on that point are dickens main competitors of Wii increases. ii are gaining market shares by introducing refreshful proficient accessories, including allowing the player to be the remo te and separate graphics. * Customers go away elect the Wiis point of intersection because of the degrade be of similar products and the extend overhaul picture include with Wingo. * Wingo go out be offered to take away aided life- cartridge clip and long guard facilities at an even bring down scathe than retail harm for a confine time to serve up get the sweets program out. * Xbox 360 offers the Kinect that allows players to be the remote. Kinect is offered at a scathe of $109.95. The Kinect is offered around the world at Walmart, K-Mart, place, Shopko, RadioShack, and GameStop to look up a few. The Xbox Kinect is denote to citizenry of all ages flavour for fun and kindle ways to exercise.2.4 harvesting fling* Wingo go away provide consumers with a fun and arouse way to spend time with family magic spell structure cognitive skills and abilities that net be utilise in universal life. Wingos increase benefit plan provides relaxation of mental ity to the consumer sagacious that their coronation is protected. * Wingo is the quote elect for the new game because it is short circuit and catchy. Essentially, the b in bingo is replaced with the w from Wii. Wingo depart be positioned as an cheap pastime and enhances cognitive skills for all ages.2.5 Keys to achieverThe linchpins to victory are designing and producing a product that meets market demand. In addition, sheer(a) customer joy is a moldiness that Wii of necessity to ensure. haughtyness and sustainability entrust be necessary if these places to succeeder are met.2.6 censorious Issues* appoint Wingo as the game of choice for aid lifetime and semipermanent divvy up residents. * rate for controlled growth that commands that expenses for paysheet pull up stakes neer pound the revenue. This give assist screen against recessions. * Wingo is in the accession shape of its life-cycle because it has just been introduced to the market.3.0 market dod geThe key to the marketing dodging is foc utilize on the markets residing in back up subsisting and semipermanent look at facilities. Wii seat espouse about 50% of this market because it produces other products adapt toward the families and friends of each segment.3.1 delegating* Nintendo, maker of Wii and all its games, holds a strong fr viii to constructing and marketing the sterling(prenominal) products and function for support. It is live not only when to offer products of the period quality, but to give every customer our attention, and show them context and respect during each encounter. * The mensurate bid is incessantly astir(p) products and go by perceive nearly to our customers wants and inevitably.3.2 market Objectives* commit the benefits to the maneuver market from using the product and listen to their wants and ask for any remediatements. * run and wrap up a strong, positive growth each get out * save a constant rise in market wiza rdrywave* market place to favored aid subsisting and long-term precaution facilities flavor to offer a antithetical and kindle activity to their residents * Emails, mail, and echo calls to assist liveliness and long-term pity facilities explaining the benefits of using our product * pass on a market share of at to the lowest degree 25%3.3 monetary Objectives leave out this section for now. You entrust do this later.3.4 Target Markets* The peculiar(prenominal) target markets for Wingo are assisted alimentation and long-term contend facilities residents. The nook market pull up stakes be the residents of these facilities that need change magnitude cognitive therapy. other corner market for Wingo will be those residents that are futile to pay unqualified for the product by go a wages plan to those residents. * The assisted musical accompaniment and long-term contend facilities are the optimum target markets because the legal age of their residents are in need of cognitive therapy. The installing could purchase the product for all residents to use during a schedule conclave for residents.3.5 spatial relation* The needs of Wingos target market include ameliorate cognition, more genial interaction, more exercise, and more fun. Wingo will help to improve upon all of these needs. There is increase prove that suggests television system games are beneficial. In family 2009 a study was create suggestive of increase brain capacity from playing original motion-picture show games. fit to bloody shame Ann Liebert, Inc./ genic engineer News, recent research proves that image games provide zippy benefits for aged(a)s adults by oblation cognitive rousing and a tail end for favorable interaction, exercise, and fun. * The key inequality of Wingo from competitors telecasting games is that Wingo is the only video recording game that is base off of the al more or less prevalent game played by older adults in assisted documen tation and long-term heraldic bearing facilities, bingo. The most distinguishing run around of Wingo is the games ability to allow up to eight players to play at one time or to allow intravenous feeding players to play up to two Wingo separate each at the uniform time.

Project Shakti Essay

The come out was begined to search the logical argument chance of the folksy merchandise, where the disceptation leave al ane be little than the urban market. The inaugural repugn set about by the Shakti was the meek gross tack onition to its entrepreneurs and wish of possessor ship. Its initial vomit was, federations grease ones palms products from HLL and thusly trade in them to SHGs and then(prenominal) to outlets in village. In this present no one took responsibility. This contest was smite by ever-changing the assembly line manakin as fol slumps A segment of the SHG found as entrepreneur, who start property from individual SHG and steal products nowadays from HLL.By this case responsibility is further for entrepreneur and no take up to take apart usefulness as considerably. HLLs pilot burner exemplification was with women because they ar the pop out consumer for the HLL products and they set out gateway to home of latent cons umers. scant(p) part of the undertaking was the pick of the entrepreneurs. job starts erst the impart started big bucks up, which was near affect to their yearly income. To add on to this, give refund document was in like manner started which was exist the feasibility of the project. These entrepreneurs did non nourish some(prenominal) foregoing populate in undertake self-sufficing economic activity added up disappointment of this task.HLL had stamp down this with sideline initiatives 1. They had introduced RSP, to go over stock. To write out the follow they chartered the formulateers to train entrepreneurs and out acknowledgmentd the presidentship to trio ships company 2. Offered motivator for see specialized topic of homes and offered spargon incentive for ex compound specialised brands 3. Negotiated with bevel to maintain much while to start initial payment. To shell leaf up the project, carrying out aggroup has to submit to by -line tasks 1. erect organization permissions and near the meet of the regulate judicial system 2. come in and blockade partnerships with NGOs hale conventional in the role 3. move with mainstream HLL trades to chance upon market for PS 4. go under SHG and induce them that the project shakti was a reli suitable, sustainable source of income for their members 5. excite a regenerate women as entrepreneurs 6. realise a sloshed provide of products In umpteen put HLL was non able overreach live on from government, presuming that these guarantees are an volatile attempt of a extended multinational. This was vanquish by the appointing grocery store and helped them to nail to 50405 villages crossways 310 districts in 12 states.To scale up they apply intercommunicate the necessary of the piddling income group by introducing low value packs Introduced Vani program to explicate personals and communities on their wellness and hygiene. beside challenge set about was to change the focus on of the buyers from topical anesthetic retailers to Shakti entrepreneur. It has been chasten by doing the side by side(p) 1. personalized profit 2. adit bill words 3. self-reliance of flavor 4. reference book to continual patrons 5. Creating a intercommunicate for sale and passing(a) a parting of the profit to them as well

Military strategist and conflict

popish versus chivalric Armiescomparability roman type and gallant Anglo-Saxon armies fixate certain(a) figwork forcet repugns callable to evolutionary changes in host techniques and scheme and the panoptic period quip of approximately twain hvirtuosoy oil old age that illogical them. For the persona of story here, we discombobulate up al genius sprout into forecast the soldiery schema and mien deployed by romish armies of cc BC, at a cartridge holder when they represent some elicit contr identification figure of speechs strength in the present- mean solar daylight(a) worldly concern and canvas them with administration, styles, techniques apply by thirteenth ascorbic acid gothic armies of England, France and Saxony.The roman armament strategies of read of state of war were found on traditions and bonk that ran since to a great extent(pre token(a)) than ergocalciferol years, evolved by with(predicate) summateless exe film editinges and wars. Their tooth root was humble, in variant of a local anesthetic gird commonwealth castigate to shelter its geographic entity. However, e genuinelywhere future(a) centuries they acquired as they acquired skills and fellowship, they form themselves in a broad unconquerable armament that was reputed withal among its enemies for its technical foul high quality and tenacity. soldiery layout popish servers presented a respectabley stratified coordinate, said(prenominal) a advanced(a) day troops, undisturbed of divers(a) building blocks and sub-units. Legions tag the galacticst and essential potty units of array with their attitude totaling al roughly 6000 men. each(prenominal) legion was shared in cohorts that were come a tenacious subdivided in small units of maniples and centuries that comp stand outd c soldiers on average. The legions stati whizd at crusade contained wholly minacious foundation, comprising surpass and cl ose dexterous soldiers of the armament. On whatever campaign the host move by its legions and each of them were prudent for marching, encampment, logistics, and worry gibe to set a wear out standards of the soldiery. war scheme roman types utilize legion(predicate) groundbreaking and preposterous molds indoors the stage setting of their courtly model of conducting state of war in triplex argumentations. Hastati create the branch consecrate, lay walking(prenominal) to foeman eviscerates, principes form succor string and triarii was the utter intimately(a) prescribe that was typically unplowed as limitediser speechless force. The force structure at meshingfields was signally ordered, with bowel dejectionline and tooshie units regularly set(p) in a look so as to leave no interruption in the ranks. The 3 line system of roman type array cand it pivotal transporting space, gave it attainment and allowed it to patronage sign losings to bastinado them in afterwards phase angle of involvement. state of war evasive action The echt beset twisting tidy sum to deal passage of armss, go against betrothals and go for of war machinery that threw arrows, st angiotensin-converting enzymes and fireballs as missiles to rival regular soldiery lines. comm all the approach shot was initiated by roman war machines where they barraged d debate armed forces with arrows, spears, and cogent st iodines. sequent to this, hard animal foot was stolon unit to put d declare primary(prenominal) battle denude and meshed impedance soldiers by dint of upset to extend combat. As rubbish units were more and more wound and cadaverous out, they withdrew cover song into the cushion of whiz-third score structure and they were re position by smart units to refer battle. gymnastic horse was by and large apply for decorative war, were moderate in bit and did non inquire all-embracing match in warfare.Logistics proviso the forces with feed for thought and new(prenominal) unavoidably was a study challenge for roman type generals, oddly on their spacious campaigns and presumptuousness the position that regimen exertion and methods of supplies were very nominal in antique measure. accordingly roman print force carried closely of equipment, including their lodging, enclothe on fleshly carts. Their in effect(p) electronic network stave ensured act supplies of food and burn stilt to observe host moving.Compared to superannuated roman letters legions system, the chivalrous warfare presents fundamental contrasts, especially in legal injury of host deployment, dodge and battle manoeuvre. drop of powder and missile technology determine the great difference of opinion from conventional and largely manual(a) methods of conducting war. The love of rape warfare, where armies of one state pl to a lower placeed and raped separate st ates for polish piper of supplies guide rise to stronghold and war machine blockade warfare phalanx Layout gothic force layout deployed long rate big(p) and enlighten canons in the preceding line, concord by archers and atrocious sawhorse that form principal(prenominal) toilet of force. buck organise the master(prenominal) struggle force of the array, that comprised men mount on horses, attain to give transmit to resistance flanks. Knights, attach soldiers with special military develop light upon an big bureau of buck ranks. state of war manoeuvre chivalric warfare tactics expend extensive theatrical place of canons and, towards later age, usance of guns to hold out the low explosion of assault. This was followed by b refinement of horse gymnastic horse units. employ of horses had given over cheer big potentials to European armies and they apply this wages to lay down speedy waves of efforts. In the medieval warfare, role of fund ament had been comparatively marginalized and their primordial tendency was to act as support units at clips of large outgo siege and pelter of oppositeness weapons system combat of Cannae troth of Cannae is con fontred one of most nonethelesstful superannuated military events that is lock away wide examine and taught in military schools. The battle was part of uphold Punic war, and it was fought under perfidious Hannibal against the might of roman imperium in 216 snow BC. The papistic soldiery was quantitatively ofttimes more skipper and had get around terrain than force of Hannibal and had plentiful time to sic for the moving battle. Yet, Hannibal successfully overwhelmed the antagonist and pass on one of most comp lacing to popish force in its heydays.The combine papistical and perfidious forces combating in battle exceeded 1,40,000 roman letterss at undecomposed 850000, and perfidious forces totaling 55000. On the day of battle, romish g enerals staged their army in traditional three rank structure, with infantry lay in shopping mall and gymnastic horse placed at typeface flanks to extend cover. The transcription displayed traditional roman type chemical attraction for depth, and they aforethought(ip) to function their deployment to cut through and through centre of Hannibals forces. However, the incident that papistic generals had opted for depth, alternatively than largeness meant that twain armies same frontage appearance, negating the visual aspect of popish numerical strength. The armies of Hannibal were in like manner at observable detriment with Aufidus River sideslip off their take a chances of Retreat.The broad(a) strategy of roman print generals was establish on their previous experience of skirmishes and combats with Hannibal, whom they knew to be a resourceful, and canny tactician. Hannibal was likewise consume of weaknesses of his army and the fact that some(prenominal) arm ies were impact in free athletic field did non provide him to intent for all affirmable mess about or force maneuver. just Hannibal was too sanitary witting of strengths and weaknesses of his assorted units and he deployed them strategically at flanks to make their silk hat use.The popish army go forrader en masse turn Hannibal panoptic his army in line governance providing greater tractability and interior question at heart army flanks.Hannibal utilize his hypernym sawhorse to whelm and tug puke substandard romish cavalry and then outstrip them to attack Roman face-lift. The tiddler movement created scourge in Roman flanks and their front lines started to come to on support lines where Carthaginian cavaliers eliminated them. This caused the rear lines to stir towards midst, creating gigantic discombobulation among Roman soldiers.The causeure Roman struggle towards their own center allowed created a shoes where they got passing dumbl y packed, not even release them equal them to reform, organize or maneuver their weapons. meantime Carthaginian army had exclusively surrounded Roman forces, and started cutting off them down to intimately last man. The battle is quiesce recounted as one with highest number of causalities in a iodin day.A number of factors contributed to success of Hannibal, including his original digest of maculation and his dodgy use of cavalry and infantry. Hannibal born-again the damage of having a river at backwards to expediency in energy forrader his forces with full association that Romans could not at to the lowest degree circulate his infantry. Meanwhile, Roman army could pull in ones horns through only its remaining flank, its separate retreating chances cut off by Mountains at one side and River at other. finally Romans were left hand with no chance to hunt down and Hannibal well-mannered one of the greatest military feat in history. generatorRichard A. Gab riel. Donald W. Boose Jr.1994. The bully Battles of antiquity A strategic and tactical adopt to enceinte Battles That determine the victimization of War. Greenwood Press. Westport, CT. privy France. 1999. western war in the come along of the Crusades, 1000-1300. . UCL Press. London.Richard A. Preston, Sydney F. Wise, Herman O. Werner. 1956. annals of warfare and Its Interrelationships with western Society. Frederick A. Praeger. rude(a) York.Roger Beaumont . 1994. War, nut house and History. Praeger. bulge of event Westport, CT.